4: Exploring the frontend
Overview
Recall that a frontend canister is used to contain an application's user interface assets. In this tutorial, you will explore the frontend canister code to learn more.
Exploring the vite-motoko-react frontend code
In this sample, there is a frontend canister that provides a UI using React code stored in the src/App.tsx file, CSS styling code stored in src/App.css, and an index page stored at src/index.html.
The src/App.tsx file by default contains the following content, which has been annotated to explain the code's functionality:
// First, import packages from the 'react' library:
import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
// Import the frontend CSS style file:
import './App.css';
// Import individual assets
import motokoLogo from './assets/motoko_moving.png';
import motokoShadowLogo from './assets/motoko_shadow.png';
import reactLogo from './assets/react.svg';
import viteLogo from './assets/vite.svg';
// Import the service declarations for the backend canister in order to make calls to them
import { backend } from './declarations/backend';
// Create the frontend app function
function App() {
const [count, setCount] = useState<number | undefined>();
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
// Get the current counter value
const fetchCount = async () => {
try {
setLoading(true);
const count = await backend.get();
setCount(+count.toString()); // Convert BigInt to number
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
} finally {
setLoading(false);
}
};
const increment = async () => {
if (loading) return; // Cancel if waiting for a new count
try {
setLoading(true);
await backend.inc(); // Increment the count by 1
await fetchCount(); // Fetch the new count
} finally {
setLoading(false);
}
};
// Fetch the count on page load
useEffect(() => {
fetchCount();
}, []);
return (
// Create the UI using HTML
<div className="App">
<div>
<a href="https://vitejs.dev" target="_blank">
<img src={viteLogo} className="logo vite" alt="Vite logo" />
</a>
<a href="https://reactjs.org" target="_blank">
<img src={reactLogo} className="logo react" alt="React logo" />
</a>
<a
href="https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/build/cdks/motoko-dfinity/motoko/"
target="_blank"
>
<span className="logo-stack">
<img
src={motokoShadowLogo}
className="logo motoko-shadow"
alt="Motoko logo"
/>
<img src={motokoLogo} className="logo motoko" alt="Motoko logo" />
</span>
</a>
</div>
<h1>Vite + React + Motoko</h1>
<div className="card">
<button onClick={increment} style={{ opacity: loading ? 0.5 : 1 }}>
count is {count}
</button>
<p>
Edit <code>backend/Backend.mo</code> and save to test HMR
</p>
</div>
<p className="read-the-docs">
Click on the Vite, React, and Motoko logos to learn more
</p>
</div>
);
}
export default App;
The src/App.css file by default contains the following content, which is used to edit the styling of the page's UI assets:
#root {
max-width: 1280px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 2rem;
text-align: center;
}
.logo {
height: 6em;
padding: 1.5em;
will-change: filter;
}
.logo:hover {
filter: drop-shadow(0 0 2em #646cffaa);
}
.logo.react:hover {
filter: drop-shadow(0 0 2em #61dafbaa);
}
@keyframes logo-spin {
from {
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
to {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
.logo.react {
animation: logo-spin infinite 60s linear;
}
}
.logo.motoko:hover {
filter: drop-shadow(0 0 2em #61dafbaa);
}
.logo-stack {
display: inline-grid;
}
.logo-stack > * {
grid-column: 1;
grid-row: 1;
}
@keyframes logo-swim {
from {
transform: rotate(4deg) translateY(0);
}
50% {
transform: rotate(-5deg) translateY(0);
}
to {
transform: rotate(4deg) translateY(0);
}
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
.logo.motoko {
animation: logo-swim 5s ease-in-out infinite;
}
}
.card {
padding: 2em;
}
.read-the-docs {
color: #888;
}
You can learn more about CSS here.
Then, the src/index.html file by default contains the following content, which imports and refers to the src/main.tsx file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="./assets/favicon.ico" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>Vite + React + Motoko</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="root"></div>
<script type="module" src="./main.tsx"></script>
</body>
</html>
Lastly, the src/main.tsx file contains the following content, which imports App from the src/App.tsx file:
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
import App from './App';
import './index.scss';
ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root') as HTMLElement).render(
<React.StrictMode>
<App />
</React.StrictMode>,
);
Together, these files enable the frontend canister's user interface, as seen in 2: Deploying your first fullstack dapp.
Learning more about frontend canisters
To further understand and develop your own frontend canisters, let's review a few fundamental features, concepts, and workflows that pertain to frontend canisters.
Agents
When a canister is deployed, locally or on the mainnet, there are two primary methods of interacting with that canister. You can use an API through an agent, or you can use the canister's HTTP interface.
In this vite-react-motoko example, a JavaScript agent is used. An agent is a library that is used to make calls to the public interface of the Internet Computer. Agents are primarily responsible for:
Structuring data: Agents are responsible for structuring the data made in a call into a format that can be processed by the canister.
Managing authentication: Agents are responsible for attaching a cryptographic identity to the call.
Decoding data: Once a response has been returned from the canister on the mainnet, the agent takes the certificate from the call's payload and verifies it.
In addition to the JavaScript agent, DFINITY has developed and maintains a Rust agent, and the ICP community supports several agents for .NET, Go, Python, Ruby, and more.
In your vite-react-motoko example, the JavaScript agent file is stored at src/declarations/frontend/index.js. This file is generated as part of the npm run setup command, and contains the following content:
import { Actor, HttpAgent } from "@dfinity/agent";
// Imports and re-exports candid interface
import { idlFactory } from "./frontend.did.js";
export { idlFactory } from "./frontend.did.js";
/* CANISTER_ID is replaced by webpack based on node environment
* Note: canister environment variable will be standardized as
* process.env.CANISTER_ID_<CANISTER_NAME_UPPERCASE>
* beginning in dfx 0.15.0
*/
export const canisterId =
process.env.CANISTER_ID_FRONTEND ||
process.env.FRONTEND_CANISTER_ID;
export const createActor = (canisterId, options = {}) => {
const agent = options.agent || new HttpAgent({ ...options.agentOptions });
if (options.agent && options.agentOptions) {
console.warn(
"Detected both agent and agentOptions passed to createActor. Ignoring agentOptions and proceeding with the provided agent."
);
}
// Fetch root key for certificate validation during development
if (process.env.DFX_NETWORK !== "ic") {
agent.fetchRootKey().catch((err) => {
console.warn(
"Unable to fetch root key. Check to ensure that your local replica is running"
);
console.error(err);
});
}
// Creates an actor with using the candid interface and the HttpAgent
return Actor.createActor(idlFactory, {
agent,
canisterId,
...options.actorOptions,
});
};
export const frontend = createActor(canisterId);
In this code, the constructor first creates an HTTPAgent which wraps the JavaScript API, then uses it to encode calls through the public API. If the deployment is on the local testnet, the root key of the replica is fetched. Then, an actor is created using the automatically generated Candid interface for the canister and is passed the canister ID and the HTTPAgent.
You can learn more about agents in the documentation here.
Serving HTTP content
Smart contract canisters are able to serve HTTP content natively, allowing for dapp frontends to be served directly in a web browser using the canister's URL at http://<canister id>.ic0.app and http://<canister id>.raw.ic0.app. Frontend canisters can be used to deliver HTML, CSS and JavaScript pages, and answer API requests.
If a canister wants to serve HTTP content, it should implement a method that consumes a HTTP request, which contains a URL, HTTP method and headers, then outputs a HTTP response that contains a status, headers and the response body. The canister method can return HTML, CSS and JavaScript content as part of the HTTP response.